上海市初中英語語法和知識(shí)點(diǎn)
上海市初中英語語法和知識(shí)點(diǎn)：介詞的主要用法
上海市初中英語語法和知識(shí)點(diǎn)：介詞的分類
地點(diǎn)(位置、范圍)介詞：above在…前, about在…附近, across在…對(duì)面, after在…后面, against倚著..., along在…近旁, among在…中間, around在…周圍, round在….周圍, at在…處, before在...前, behind在...后, below低于..., beside在...旁邊, between在...之間, by在...旁, down在...下面, from來自..., in在...里面, inside在...里面, near靠近..., of在...之中, on在...上面, out of在...之外, outside在....外面, over在....上方, under在...下方, up在...上面, on top of在...頂部, in front of在...前, close to靠近..., in the middle of在...的中間, at the end of在...的末端,等等。
方向(目標(biāo)趨向)介詞：across橫越..., against對(duì)抗..., along沿著..., around繞著..., round環(huán)繞..., at朝著..., behind向…后面, etween…and…從…到...,by路過/通過..., down向…下, for向..., from從/離..., in進(jìn)入..., into進(jìn)入..., inside到...里面, near接近..., off脫離/除..., on向...上, out of向...外, outside向....外, over跨過..., past經(jīng)過/超過..., through穿過..., to向/朝..., towards朝著..., on to到...上面, onto到...上面, up向...上, away from遠(yuǎn)離...
時(shí)間介詞：about大約..., after在…以后, at在… (時(shí)刻), before在…以前, by到…為止, during在…期間, for有…(之久), from從…(時(shí))起, in在(上/下午);在(多久)以后, on在(某日), past過了…(時(shí)), since自從…(至今), through 貫穿…(期間), till直到…時(shí), until直到…時(shí), to到(下一時(shí)刻), ever since從那時(shí)起至今,at the beginning of在...開始時(shí) ,at the end of在...末 , in the middle of在...當(dāng)中 ,at the time of在...時(shí)
方式介詞：as作為/當(dāng)作..., by用/由/乘坐/被..., in用…(語言), like與…一樣, on騎(車)/徒(步),通過(收音機(jī)/電視機(jī)), over通過(收音機(jī)), through通過..., with用(材料),用(手/腳/耳/眼), without沒有…
涉及介詞: about關(guān)于..., except除了…, besides除了…還... for對(duì)于/就…而言, in在…(方面), of…的,有關(guān)..., on關(guān)于/有關(guān)..., to對(duì)…而言, towards針對(duì)..., with就…而言
其它介詞:
【目的介詞】 for為了..., from防止…, to為了…
【原因介詞】 for因?yàn)?.., with由于…, because of因?yàn)?..
【比較介詞】 as與…一樣,like象…一樣,than比...,to與…相比, unlike與…不同
【伴隨/狀態(tài)介詞】 against和…一起(比賽),at在(上班/休息/上學(xué)/家,etc.),in穿著…(衣服/顏色),into變成...,on在(值日), with與…一起,有/帶著/長著..., without沒有/無/不與…一起
上海市初中英語語法和知識(shí)點(diǎn)：介詞短語的句法作用
介詞短語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞或副詞,可用作狀語、定語和表語。如：The man came
上海市初中英語語法和知識(shí)點(diǎn)：介詞短語在句子中的位置
介詞短語做狀語時(shí),如果表示時(shí)間/地點(diǎn),可以放在句首或句尾,如果表示方向/方式/伴隨/涉及/原因/目的/比較,一般放在句尾; 介詞短語作表語時(shí)放在連系動(dòng)詞之后;介詞短語作定語時(shí),只能放在被修飾的名詞之后。如：He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year.(狀語)(他想來年在上海找份好工作)/ They searched the room for the thief.(他們?cè)诜块g里搜索小偷) / The letters are for you.(表語)(信是給你的)/ Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs?(定語)(你看見一只黑頭白腿的貓了嗎?)
上海市初中英語語法和知識(shí)點(diǎn)：重要注釋
⑴ this / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / each等詞構(gòu)成的時(shí)間短語,前面不用任何介詞。如：Every year travellers from abroad come to visit Pingyao.(每年都有國外的游客來游覽平窯鎮(zhèn))/ He had a bad cold that week.(那個(gè)星期他患重感冒)
⑵ for有時(shí)用來引出動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語,常翻譯成“對(duì)于…而言”。如：It’s too hard for me to finish the work in only one hour.(讓我在區(qū)區(qū)一個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作太難了)/ The house is big enough for 10 men to live in.(房子夠大的可以容10個(gè)人住)
⑶ of有時(shí)用來表示后面的人物正好是前面的表語的邏輯主語。如：It’s very nice/kind of you to do so.(你這么做真是太好了)
⑷ 介詞有時(shí)會(huì)與它的賓語分離,而且賓語前置。
① 當(dāng)賓語是疑問詞時(shí)。Who are you talking about?(你們?cè)谡務(wù)撜l?)
② 賓語在從句中當(dāng)連接詞時(shí)。He has a younger brother who he must take good care of.(他有 一個(gè)需要他照顧的小弟。) / Do you know who our teacher is talking with over there?(你知道我們的老師在那邊和什么人談話嗎?)
③ 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語且該動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞,后面有介詞。I finally found a chair to sit on.(我 最終找到了一張椅子坐。)
(5) 記住一些固定詞組：arrive at/in(到達(dá)…),on foot(步行),not…at all(根本不),to the north of(在…以北),in the east of(在…的東部),in the night(在夜間),at night(在晚上),be afraid of(害怕…),be full of(充滿/ 裝滿….),be filled with(充滿/ 裝滿….),be good/bad for(對(duì)…有益/有害),be made of(由…做成),be made from(由…制造),play with(玩耍……),look out of(朝…外面看),at the end of(在…末梢/結(jié)束時(shí)),by the end of(不遲于…/到…末為止),with the help of或with one’s help(在…的幫助下),look after(照料…),look for(尋找…),on a bike(=by bike)騎車, help sb. with(幫某人做…),get on (well) with(與某人相處[融洽]),等等。
上海市初中英語語法和知識(shí)點(diǎn)：某些介詞的用法
⑴ 時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)介詞in、on、at的用法區(qū)別：表示時(shí)間時(shí), in表示在一段時(shí)間里(在將來時(shí)句子中則表示在一段時(shí)間之后), on表示在具體的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某個(gè)時(shí)刻或者瞬間; 表示地點(diǎn)時(shí), in表示在某個(gè)范圍之內(nèi), on表示在某個(gè)平面上或與一個(gè)面相接觸,at則表示在某個(gè)具體的場(chǎng)所或地點(diǎn)。如：He was born on the morning of May 10th.(他出生于五月十日的早晨)/ I usually get up at 7：00 in the morning.(我通常在早上的七點(diǎn)鐘起床) / His glasses are right on his nose.(他的眼鏡就架在他的鼻子上)/ He is at the cinema at the moment.(此刻他正在電影院)
⑵ after與in表示時(shí)間的用法區(qū)別：“after+(具體時(shí)刻/從句)”表示“在…時(shí)刻之后”常用于一般時(shí)態(tài);“in+(一段時(shí)間)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于將來時(shí)態(tài)。如：He said that he would be here after 6：00.(他說他六點(diǎn)鐘之后會(huì)來這兒)/ My father is coming back from England in about a month.(我父親大約一個(gè)月以后從英國回來)
⑶ since與for表示時(shí)間的用法區(qū)別：“since+(具體時(shí)刻/that-從句)”表示“自從…起一直到現(xiàn)在”,“for +(一段斶間)”表示“總共有…之久”,都常用于完成時(shí)態(tài);如：Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.(李叔叔自從1970年起就在這家工廠工作了)/ Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (李叔叔在這家工廠已經(jīng)工作了30多年)
⑷ by、in與with表示方式的用法區(qū)別：都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某個(gè)交通工具或“以……方式”,在被動(dòng)句中可以表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者;in表示“使用”某種語言/文字,with表示“使用”某個(gè)具體的工具、手段。如：We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.(我們用眼睛看東西,用雙腳走路)/ Please write that article(文章) in English.(請(qǐng)你用英語寫那篇文章)/ Let’s go to the zoo by taxi.(我們打的去動(dòng)物園吧。)/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍寫的)
⑸ about與on的用法區(qū)別：都可以表示“有關(guān)…”,但是about的意義比較廣,而on主要表示“有關(guān)…(專題/課程)”。如：Tom is going to give a talk on the history of America.(湯姆要作一個(gè)美國歷史的報(bào)告)/ They are very excited talking about the coming field trip.(他們興致勃勃地談?wù)撝磳淼降囊巴饴糜?
⑹ through與across、over的用法區(qū)別： through指“穿過…(門洞/人群/樹林)”; across和over可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互換,但是表示“翻過…”時(shí)只能用over. 如：Just then a rat (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那時(shí)一只老鼠跑過路面)/ There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有座橋)/ They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time.(他們翻過大山提前到達(dá)了那里)/ The visitors went through a big gate into another park.(參觀者們穿過一個(gè)大門來到另一個(gè)公園)
(7)as與like的區(qū)別：兩個(gè)詞都表示“像……”,但是as譯為“作為……”,表示的是職業(yè)、職務(wù)、作用等事實(shí),而like譯為“像……一樣”,表示外表,不是事實(shí)。如：Let me speak to you as a father.(我以父親的身份和你講話。)(說話者是聽者的父親) / Let me speak to you like a father.(讓我像一位父親一樣和你講話)(說話者不是聽者的父親)
(8)at the end of、by the end of、to the end、in the end的用法區(qū)別：at the end of…既可以表示時(shí)間也可以表示地點(diǎn),譯為“在…末;在…盡頭”,常與過去時(shí)連用;by the end of…只能表示時(shí)間,譯為“在…前;到…為止”,常用于過去完成時(shí); in the end與at last基本等義,表示“終于、最后”,通常用于過去時(shí);to the end譯為“到…的終點(diǎn)為止”,前面往往有表示運(yùn)動(dòng)或連續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞。如：By the end of last term we had learned 16 units of Book III.(到上學(xué)期期末我們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了第三冊(cè)16個(gè)單元)/ At the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows.(在路的盡頭你能找到一幢有棕色窗戶的白房子)/ They left for Beijing at the end of last week.(上周末他們動(dòng)身去了北京)/ In the end he succeeded in the final exams.(他最終在期末考試中考及格了)/ We should go on with the work to the end.(我們應(yīng)該把工作干到底)/ Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office.(沿這條路走到底就能看見一家郵電局)
(9)for a moment、for the moment、in a moment、at the moment的區(qū)別：for a moment“一會(huì)兒、片刻”(=for a while),常與持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用;for the moment“暫時(shí)、目前”,常用于現(xiàn)在時(shí);in a moment“一會(huì)兒、立即、馬上”(=soon; in a few minutes),一般用于將來時(shí);at the moment“此刻,眼下”(=now),用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：Please wait for a moment.(請(qǐng)稍等)/ Let’s leave things as they are for the moment.(暫時(shí)就維持現(xiàn)狀吧!) / I’ll come back in a moment.(我過會(huì)兒回來)/ I am very busy at the moment.(眼下我很忙)
(10)but的問題：用介詞but引出另一個(gè)動(dòng)詞時(shí),要注意：如果前面有do,后面就用原形動(dòng)詞,前面沒有do時(shí),后面的動(dòng)詞要加to。如：I could do nothing but wait.(我什么也做不了只能等) / They had no choice(選擇) but to fight.(他們沒有選擇只有戰(zhàn)斗)
(11)in front of 與in the front of： in front of“在…的前面”, 與in the front of“在…的前部”。如：A car was parking in front of the hall.(大廳跟前停著一輛汽車)/ In the front of the hall stood a big desk.(大廳前部立著一個(gè)大講臺(tái))
(12)except與besides的區(qū)別：except“除了”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含;而besides“除了”則表示包含,即“不僅……又……”。如：Everyone went to the Palace Museum except Tom.(除了Tom,大家都去了故宮博物院)(Tom沒有去故宮)/ Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects.(除了漢語之外,他還學(xué)其他許多功課)(“漢語”也是他學(xué)的功課之一)
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