上海初中英語語法知識點：形容詞

　　1、形容詞的句法作用：作句子中名詞的定語、句子的表語以及賓語補足語。

　　2、形容詞在句子中的位置：

　　⑴作定語時放在名詞的前面,且音節少的詞放在音節多的詞之前。如：a big yellow wooden wheel(一個黃色的大木輪)

　　⑵作表語時放在連系動詞之后。如：The price sounds reasonable.(這個價格聽起來算是合理)

　　⑶作賓語補足語時放在賓語之后。如：We must try our best to keep our environment clean.(我們必須盡力保持我們的環境清潔)

　　⑷后置的情況：

　　①修飾復合不定代詞時放在代詞之后。如：Something serious has happened to him.(他發生了嚴重的事故)

　　②與表示“長、寬、高、重、老、遠離”的詞連用時形容詞后置。如：He’s 1.8 metres tall.(他身高1.8米。)The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away from the earth.(月球離地38萬公里)

　　3、有關形容詞的用法辨析：

　　⑴ whole與all：記住兩個詞序：① the whole + 名詞; ②all (of) the + 名詞。如：He was busy the whole morning.(整個早晨他都很忙) / He can remember all the words he learns.(他能記住學過的所有單詞)

　　⑵ tall與high, short與low：指人的個子時用tall與short;指其他事物時一般用high與low。如：He’s very tall/short.(他個子高/矮) / Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue.(大道的兩側有高大的樹木) / A few people live on high mountains.(少量的人住在高山上)

　　⑶ real與true：real一般指東西的真假,譯為“真的”;而true則指事情或消息的可靠性,譯為“真實的”。如：This is a real diamond(鉆石) and it’s very expensive.(這是貨真價實的鉆石,非常貴) / --Is that true?—Yes. I heard it with my own ears.(那真實嗎? 是的,我親耳所聽)

　　⑷ interested與interesting的區別：interesting指人或東西“有趣的”,作定語或表語,而interested則表示人對別的事物“感興趣的”,只能作表語。如：The man is very interesting and all the children like him. (這個人很有趣,孩子們都喜歡他)/ This book is interesting and you can really enjoy yourself.(這本書很有趣,你會真正獲得享受) / I am interested in science.(我對自然科學感興趣)

　　⑸ such用法： such + a(n) + 名詞(單數)(+that從句)。如：I have never seen such a foolish(愚蠢的) boy.(我從來沒有見過這么蠢的男孩) / He had such a terrible accident that he could never forget it.(他遭遇了這么可怕的事故,他永遠也不會忘記)

　　⑹ good與well：表示“好”時,作定語或表語用good,作狀語用well;表示“(身體)好”時用well.如：Doing sports is good for us.(進行運動對我們有益) / Study well and make progress every day.(好好學習,天天向上) / --How are you?—I am very well.(你好嗎?我很好。)

　　⑺ nice與fine：的區別：nice表示令人愉快的,可以指東西、人物外表等;fine一般指身體或天氣好。如：Let’s go and share(分享) the nice cake.(我們去分享那塊美味的蛋糕吧) / She is a nice girl.(他是個漂亮的姑娘) / What a fine day!(多好的天氣!) /He’s fine recently(最近).(近來他身體不錯)

　　⑻ too much與much too：too much表示“太多的”,修飾事物數量;much too表示“太過,過分”,修飾形容詞或副詞。如：I am full because I have had too much rice.(我飽了,因為我吃了太多的米飯) / That coat is much too dear.(那件大衣太貴了)

　　⑼ quick、fast與soon：quick與fast基本同義,quick往往指反應速度快,fast往往指運動速度快,而soon則表示時間上很快即將發生。如：After a quick breakfast, he hurried to school leaving his bag at home.(匆匆地吃過早飯,他朝學校趕去,卻把書包忘記在家) / A train is much faster than a bus.(火車比公共汽車快得多) / His father will be back to China very soon.(他父親很快就要返回中國)

　　⑽lonely與alone：lonely是表示心理活動的形容詞,意思是：“孤獨的,寂寞的”,作定語或表語;alone的意思是：“獨自的,單獨的”,指無人陪伴,僅作表語,(作為副詞的alone可作狀語)。如：He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely.(他一人獨住,但是并不感到孤獨)/ He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him.(他是個孤獨的人,你要和他相處好實在不易)

　　⑾ other與else的區別：兩個詞都可以作形容詞,但是用法不同,other放在名詞前;else修飾不定代詞、疑問詞、little、much,后置,另外,or else表示“否則”,是連詞。如：The other students are on the playground.(其他學生在操場上) / Who else can work out this maths problem?(還有誰能解出著道數學題?) / This is nobody else’s money. It’s mine.(這不是別的什么人的錢,是我的。) / Do you have anything else to say for yourself?(你還有什么要為自己說的嗎?

　　⑿ special與especial的區別：表示事件不同尋常、過分或特殊時,兩個詞可互換,但special較為常用。另外,special還可以表示特別的目的。如： She pays (e)special attention to clothes.(她非常注重著裝) / These are special chairs for small children.(這些是專門給小孩子的椅子)

　　⒀ gone、lost、missing的區別：gone表示“丟了,沒了”,含一去不復返的意思,也可以表示“死了”,作表語或賓補,不可以作定語;lost表示“丟失”,含難以找回的意思,可作定語、表語或賓補;missing表示“失蹤了,不見了”,強調某人物不在原處,可作定語、表語或賓補。如：My fever(高燒) is gone, but I still have a cough.(發燒消退了,但我仍然咳嗽) / The parents found the lost child at last.(家長終于找到了迷路的孩子) / My dictionary is missing.Who’s taken it away?(我的字典不見了,誰拿走了?) / For more detailed information(詳情) of the missing girls, please visit our website(網址).(如果想知道失蹤女孩們的詳情,請訪問我們的網站)

　　⒁ living、alive、live、lively的區別：四個詞都來源于動詞live“生活、居住”。

　　living讀[‘liviN]有三個意思：①“活著的、現存的”,作表語或定語,②“一模一樣的、逼真的”,③相當于lively,意思是“強烈的、活潑的”;

　　live讀[laiv],指東西“活的”,可以替換為living;

　　alive讀[[‘laiv]作表語,指人“活著的”,如果作定語,則放在名詞的后面;

　　lively讀[‘laivli]有三個意思：①有生氣的、活潑的、快活的,②(色彩)鮮艷的,③生動的、真實的。

　　例如：A living language should be learned orally(口頭上).(活的語言應該從口頭上學)(被動句) / We have a living hope that you will succeed.(我們強烈地希望你能成功) / Is she still alive?(她還活著嗎?) / They are the happiest children alive.(他們是活著的最開心的孩子) / This is a live fish.(這是條活魚) / A live wire(電線) is dangerous.(有電的電線是危險的) / She is as lively as a kitten(小貓).(她像小貓一樣可愛) / He gave a lively description of the football match.(他生動地描述了那場足球賽)

　　⒂ sick與ill區別：sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定語、表語,而ill只能做表語。如：He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now.(他病了很久,現在非常虛弱) / Vets help treat sick pets and most of the pets’ owners like them.(獸醫幫助診治患病的寵物,很受寵物主人們的喜愛)

　　⒃ the poor(窮人們) / the rich(富人們)等用法：“the+形容詞”這一結構可以表示一類人物,復數含義。如：We must try our best to help the poor.(我們應該盡力幫助窮人們) / The rich never know how the poor are living.(有錢人哪知窮人怎么過日子)

　　上海初中英語語法知識點：副詞

　　用來說明事情發生的時間、地點、原因、方式等含義或說明其它形容詞或副詞程度的詞叫做副詞。

　　1、副詞的分類：(見下表)

　　2、副詞在句子中的位置以及作用：

　　⑴作狀語：

　　① 時間副詞：一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句尾,already、just一般放在動詞的前面。如：We will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.(我們明天要去參觀長城) / They have already been to the UK twice.(他們去過英王國兩次) / Soon the lost boy found his way back home.(不久迷路的孩子找到了回家的路)

　　② 頻度副詞：一般放在be動詞之后或者助動詞與主要動詞之間,但sometimes、often等還可以放在句首或句尾,usually可放在句首,once可放在句尾,twice、three times等一般放在句尾。如：Sometimes I get up early.(我有時起得早)/ The workers usually have lunch at the factory.(工人們通常在廠里吃午飯) / Take this medicine twice a day.(這種藥一天吃兩次)

　　③ 方式副詞：一般放在行為動之后,suddenly可以放在句首、句尾或動詞之前。如：Old people can hardly walk as quickly as young people.(老年人幾乎不可能走得和年輕人一樣快) / Suddenly he saw a light in the dark cave(山洞).(突然,在黑黢黢的山洞里,他看見了一絲亮光)

　　④ 地點副詞：一般放在句尾,但here、there還可放在句首。如：There you can see thousands of bikes running in all directions(方向).(在那里,你可以看到成千上萬的自行車朝各個方向流動) / The frightened wolf ran away.(受到驚嚇的狼逃開了)/ He walked out quietly and turned back soon.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返回)

　　⑤ 程度副詞：修飾動詞時,放在動詞之前;修飾形容詞或副詞時,放在形容詞或副詞之前。但注意,enough總是放在被修飾的形容詞或動詞的后面;only位置比較靈活,總是放在被修飾的詞的前面。如：I nearly forgot all about it if he did not tell me again.(如果他不再次告訴我,我幾乎把那事全忘了) / It was so strange that I could hardly believe my ears.(它那么奇怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵) / She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus.(她早早地趕到車站趕上了首班車)

　　⑥ 疑問副詞：用于對句子的狀語進行提問,位置總是在句首。如：When and where were you born?(你何時何地出生?)/ Why did little Edison sit on some eggs?(小愛迪生為什么要坐在雞蛋上?)/ How do you do?(你好!)

　　⑦ 連接副詞：用來引導主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句,在從句中作狀語。How I am going to kill the cat is still a question.(我打算怎樣殺死那只貓還是個問題)/ That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger.(那就是人人都害怕老虎的原因) / He wondered how he could do it the next day.(他不知道第二天怎樣做那事)

　　⑧ 關系副詞：用來引導定語從句,在從句中作狀語。如：This is the place where Mr Zhang once lived.(這就是張先生曾經住過的地方)/ Please tell me the way how you have learned English so well.(請告訴我你的英語是怎樣學得這么好的方法)

　　⑨ 其它副詞：too“也”,用在句尾;also放在動詞前;either “也不”,放在句尾;nor“也不”,放在句首;so“如此,這樣”,放在形容詞、副詞前;on/off“開/關”放在動詞之后;not放在be之后、助動詞之后、不定式或動名詞之前;maybe/perhaps放在句首;certainly放在句首或動詞之前。如：He went to the Palace Museum and I went there,too.(他去了故宮博物院,我也去了) / Maybe your ticket is in your inside pocket.(也許你的票就在你的里邊衣袋里) / --Tom doesn’t have a computer. –Nor do I.(湯姆沒有計算機,我也沒有。)

　　(2)作表語：地點副詞一般可以作表語,放在be等連系動詞之后,說明人物所處的位置。如：I’m very sorry he isn’t in at the moment.(很抱歉,他此刻不在家)/ I have been away from my hometown for nearly 20 years.(我離開家鄉有將近20年了) / Jim is over there.(吉姆就在那邊)

　　(3)作定語：時間副詞(如now、then)以及許多地點副詞都可以作名詞的定語,放在名詞的后面。如：People now often have their festival dinners at restaurants.(現在的人們經常在餐館里吃節日晚宴) / Women there were living a terrible life in the 1920s.(在二十世紀20年代那兒的女人過著可怕的日子)

　　(4)作賓語補足語：地點副詞一般可以作賓語補足語。如：Put your dirty socks away, Jim! They are giving out bad smell!(吉姆,把你的臟襪子拿開!它們在散發著臭氣。) / Father kept him in and doing his lessons.(父親把他關在家里做作業)

　　[注意] “動詞+副詞”的賓語如果是代詞,則該副詞應該放在代詞之后。如：He wrote down the word.(他寫下了那個詞。)→He wrote it down.(他把它寫了下來。)

　　3、有關副詞的重要注釋：

　　⑴ as…as…常構成一些詞組：as soon as…(一旦…就…), as well as…(同樣), as+形容詞/副詞+as possible(盡可能……地)。如：Please ring me up as soon as you get to Beijing.(請你一到北京就給我寫信。)/ Miss Gao hurried to the school gate as quickly as possible.(高小姐盡快地趕到了校門口。)

　　[注釋] “as long / much as + 名詞”可以表示“長達/多達…”的含義。如：The house costs as much as five hundred thousand yuan.(那幢房子花費高達50萬元。)/ They stayed in the cave(山洞)as long as two weeks.(他們呆在山洞里長達兩周。)

　　⑵ later、after、ago、before的用法：①“一段時間+later/ago”分別表示“(多久)以后/以前”,主要用于過去時態。②“after/before+某個時刻”分別表示“在某時刻之后/之前”,此時兩個詞是介詞。③ago與before：ago只能用于過去時,before用于完成時。如：He had an accident a week ago.(一周前出了一個事故)/ Some years later, the boy became a very famous singer.(數年后這個男孩成了著名的歌唱家)/ Have you been there before?(你從前到過那兒嗎?)/ After a few years he gave up smoking.(過了幾年他戒了煙。)

　　⑶ above、below、over、under的用法：在上下方用above和below,在高低處用over和under.如：The stars are high above in the sky.(星星高掛在空中) / A plane flew over quickly.(一架飛機從頭頂飛過。)

　　當above、below、over、under是介詞性質時,意義相似。

　　⑷ too、also、either、nor的用法：too(“也”)用于肯定句和疑問句的末尾,且用逗號隔開;also(“也”)用于肯定句句子謂語動詞之前;either(“也”)用于否定句末尾,也用逗號隔開;nor(“也不”)用于倒裝句句首;如：Are you American,too?(你也是美國人嗎?)/ He is not happy and I am not happy, either.(他不愉快,我也不。) / He didn’t watch the football game. Nor did I.(他沒有看足球賽,我也沒有。)/ You can also find the market is very good.(你還可以發覺那個市場很好。)

　　⑸ enough、too、so、very、quite、very much的用法： enough (“足夠,十分”)放在形容詞或副詞之后;too(“太”)、very(“非常”)、quite(“相當”)、so(“如此地”)等放在形容詞或副詞之前,very much(“非常”)放在動詞之后。如：It’s too/so/very/quite expensive.(它太貴/那么貴/非常貴/相當貴。)/ I don’t like sweets very much.(我不很喜歡糖果)

　　[注意] very與 much的區別：very修飾形容詞、副詞的原級和現在分詞形容詞,much修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級;much還可以修飾疑問句和否定句中的動詞,very不可以。如：He is very stupid.(他很笨)/ The film was very moving and everyone swept.(電影非常動人,大家都哭了)/ You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school.(你得學習更努力,不然你考不進那所好學校)/ I don’t like him much.(我不太喜歡他)

　　⑹ sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time的用法：sometimes(有時)用于一般現在時、 sometime(在將來某時)用于將來時、 some times(數次)表示次數、some time(一些時間)表示一段時間。如：Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains.(他們有時徒步旅行到山里去)/ I will stay here some time.(我會在這兒呆些時候的。)/ I will meet your father sometime.(我什么時候要見見你的父親。)

　　⑺ how、what用于感嘆句的用法：對句子中的形容詞或副詞感嘆時用how,對人或事物(可能含有形容詞作修飾語)進行感嘆用what. 如：What a fine day (it is) today!(今天天氣真好!) / How difficult (the problem is)!((問題)真難呀!)

　　⑻ already、yet的用法：在完成時中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑問句。如：Have you done it already?(你已經做好了?) / I have not had my breakfast yet.(我還沒有吃早飯呢。)

　　⑼ hard與hardly的用法：hard作為副詞意思是：“努力地,猛烈地”,hardly是否定詞,意思是：“幾乎不”,一般與情態動詞can/could連用。如：They study English very hard.(他們英語學得很刻苦)/ You can hardly see a person spit in a public place.(在公共場所你幾乎看不到一個人隨地吐痰)

　　⑽ like...very much、like...better(=prefer)、like...best的用法：三個短語分別表示“非常喜歡”、“更喜歡”、“最喜歡”。如：I like baseball very much.(我非常喜歡棒球)/ Do you like butter better than cheese?( / They like hamburgers best.

　　⑾“quite/what+a+形容詞+名詞”的用法：記住：①quite/such/what...+a+形容詞+名詞;②too/so/how+形容詞+a+名詞;③rather+a+形容詞+名詞 = a+ rather+形容詞+名詞。如：I have never seen such a strange guy(家伙).(我從未見過這樣奇怪的家伙) / It is quite a nice day for a walk.(這真是散步的好日子)

　　⑿ how 的幾個短語：how often“多常,每隔多久”,用于一般時態,對表示頻度的詞語進行提問; how soon“多久以后”,用于將來時態; how long“多久”,用于過去時、完成時或其他時態; how many times“多少次”,用于過去時或完成時,對總計次數進行提問; how much“多么,多少”,對程度進行提問,也可以對數量(不可數)或金錢進行提問。如：How long have you been like this?(你這樣已經多久了?)/ How often does he wash his face?(他每隔多久洗一次臉?)

　　⒀ much、more與most的用法：這三個詞除了是形容詞作名詞的修飾語之外,還是程度副詞,much表示“很”,修飾原級形/副,more表示“更”用來構成多音節形/副的比較級,most表示“最”用來構成多音節形/副的最高級。此外,much也可以修飾比較級形/副。如：This park is much more beautiful than that one.(這個公園比那個漂亮多了)/ It is the most instructive film I have ever seen.(這是我看過的最有教育意義的電影)

　　⒁ no more、no longer、not...any more、no...any longer的用法：表示時間,可以用no longer、not...ny more、no...any longer,而且no longer只能放在謂語動詞之前;表示程度,可以用no more、not...any more.如：He no longer lived there.(他不再住在那里) / Tom wanted no more cakes.(他不想再要蛋糕) / He didn’ t smoke any more/longer.(他不再抽煙)

　　⒂ 被動語態中,方式副詞一般放在be與謂語動詞之間。如： The runner was badly hurt.(賽跑運動員受了重傷) / English is widely spoken in the world today.(如今世界上英語說得很廣泛)

　　⒃ too...to...與so...that...的問題：副詞too/so后面跟形容詞或副詞,to后面跟動詞,that后面跟從句。Too...to... (“太.……以致不……”)是否定的結構,用于簡單句;so...that...(“如此…以致…”)是肯定結構,用于復合句。如：The child is too young to join the army.(這孩子年齡太小還不能參軍)/ He is so strong that he can lift the heavy box.(他這么強壯,搬得動那個重箱子。)

　　⒄ 既是形容詞也是副詞的單詞有：early, late, long, last, next, first, near, enough, much, all, hard, alone, fast, slow, high, low, straight等等。如：It was a long holiday.(那是個長假)/ He stayed there very long.(他在那兒呆了好久)/ Think hard then you will find a way.(好好想你就會找到辦法)/ He is a very hard(難對付的) person.(他是個難玩的家伙)

　　⒅ farther與further的用法區別：表示地點、方向或距離時兩個詞同義,意思為“更遠、較遠”,但是further還表示“更多、進一步、額外”等意思,此時不能換為farther. 如：They decided to go farther/further the next day.(他們決定第二天走得再遠些)/ This problem will be further discussed.(這個問題還要進一步討論)/ Every one of them had their further studies after they left college.(他們每個人大學畢業后繼續進修)

　　⒆ rather與quite的用法區別：同very一樣,兩個詞都表示形容詞或副詞的程度,quite表示“不到最高程度但是比預料的好”,rather比quite更接近very的含義,含有令人驚訝的意思。見下圖對“nice”程度的描繪：not nice (fairly) nice quite nice rather nice very nice

　如：It’s quite a nice film.(這是部好片子)。(可能意味著不是一部最好的電影) / It’s rather a nice film.(這是部很不錯的電影。)(意味著比大多數電影都好)

　　[注意]注意quite與rather后面的次序詞序。

　　⒇ maybe、possibly、perhaps的區別：maybe“可能、也許”,比另外兩個詞更不正式、更隨便、可能性不大;possibly“可能地、或者、也許”,可能性較大,在否定句和疑問句中表示“無論如何”;perhaps“可能”,較為常用而且正式,可能性也不大。如：You could put it over there,maybe.(也許你可以把它放在那邊) / I couldn’t possibly have finished such a long book in such a short time.(我不可能在這么短的時間內完成這么長的一本書)/ I thought perhaps it was the letter you have been expecting.(我以為那也許就是你期盼的信件)

　　(21) most、mostly的區別：most作為形容詞和名詞時意思是“大多數的、大部分的”,作為副詞時意思為“最,十分、很”;mostly僅為副詞,意思為“主要地、多半地、大部分地”。如：I was at home most of the time when I was free.(我有空時大部分時間都在家)Most children are naughty.(大部分的孩子都淘氣)/ This is the most exciting part of the film.(這是電影中最令人興奮的部分)/She is mostly out on Sundays.(星期天她一般不在家)

　　(22) (be) worth、(be) worthy of的區別：worth一般被看作是介詞,后面接名詞或者動名詞,用主動表示被動含義,還可以用副詞well修飾;worthy of表示“值得的、配得上的”,后面跟動名詞的被動形式。如：What is worth doing at all is worth doing well(凡是值得做的,就值得好好去做). / The house is worth ￥300,000.(房子價值30萬元)/ This book is well worth reading several times.(這本書值得好好讀幾遍)/ It is a thing worthy of being seen.(這是一個值得看的東西)

　　(23)almost、nearly的區別：兩個詞意思相近,都表示“幾乎、將近”,大多數情況下可以互換,與否定詞連用時用almost不用nearly. almost no 相當于hardly any(幾乎沒有)。如：He had done almost nothing today.(他今天幾乎沒有干什么) / We are almost/nearly there.(我們幾乎就到那里了)/ Almost nobody/Hardly anybody understood his words.(幾乎沒有人懂他的話)

　　(24) a bit與a little的區別：這兩個名詞短語經常當作副詞使用,修飾形容詞或副詞的原級或比較級,可以互換,語氣比rather弱。如：This digital camera is a bit(a little) expensive.(這臺數碼相機有點貴)/ It is a little(a bit) colder than yesterday.(今天比昨天冷了點)

　　另外,a little可以直接加不可數名詞,a bit 則采用“a bit + of +名詞(不可數或可數名詞復數)”的形式。如：I have got a bit of a cold.(我有點感冒)/ Go and get a little water for me, please.(請你去給我搞點水來)

　　[注意] not a bit(=not at all)意為“根本不”,而 not a little則意為“非常,不是一點”。

　　上海初中英語語法知識點：形容詞、 副詞的原級、比較級和最高級

　　1、分類：形容詞和副詞有原級、比較級和最高級三級。

　　原級變為比較級和最高級有規則變化和不規則變化兩種。

　　2、規則變化:

　　(1)單音節和部分雙音節形容詞和副詞,在原級的后面加上er,est構成比較級和最高級。

　　a)直接加er,est ：

　　b)以重讀閉音節結尾的,要雙寫最后一個輔音字母,后加er,est：

　　c)以輔音字母+y結尾的,先把y改為i再加上er,est：

　　(2)兩個音節或兩個以上的音節的,在原級前加more / most.

看過“上海初中英語語法知識點 ”