高一英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)大全
高一英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn):直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)
eg: “I broke your CD player.” (一般過(guò)去時(shí)改成過(guò)去完成時(shí))
He told me he had broken my CD player.
Jenny said, “I have lost a book.”
(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)改成過(guò)去完成時(shí))
Jenny said she had lost a book.
Mum said, “I’ll go to see a friend.”
(一般將來(lái)時(shí)改成過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí))
Mum said she would go to see a friend.
過(guò)去完成時(shí)保留原有的時(shí)態(tài)
He said, “We hadn’t finished our homework.”
He said they hadn’t finished their homework.
注意 直接引語(yǔ)是客觀真理,過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)不變。
2. 在直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),如果從句中的主語(yǔ)時(shí)第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾,從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語(yǔ)的人稱變化。如:
Mary said, “My brother is an engineer.”
Mary said her brother was and engineer.
3. 直接引語(yǔ)如果是反意疑問(wèn)句,選擇疑問(wèn)句或一般疑問(wèn)句,間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為由whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。如:
He said, “Can you run, Mike?”
He asked Mike whether/if he could run.
4. 直接引語(yǔ)如果是祈使句,間接引語(yǔ)應(yīng)改為“tell(ask, order, beg等) * (not) to do sth.”句型。如:
“Pass me the water, please.”said he.
He asked him to pass her the water.
5. 直接引語(yǔ)如果是以“Let’s”開(kāi)頭的祈使句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),通常用“suggest+動(dòng)名詞或從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
She said, “Let’s go to the cinema.”
She suggested going to the cinema.
或She suggested that they should go to the cinema.
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)的動(dòng)作
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)的動(dòng)作,謂語(yǔ)通常為瞬間動(dòng)詞。如:come, go, arrive, leave, start, return, stay, meet, get等。這些動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)后不能再接具體的時(shí)間。
(1)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái),指的是近期的,按計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
(2)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)與表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的區(qū)別在于:前者通常用瞬間動(dòng)詞(有時(shí)一些常用動(dòng)詞也可以這樣用如:do)如:go, come, start, return, get, arrive等。而后者通常是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。
He is reading a novel.
他在看小說(shuō)。
The train is arriving soon.
火車(chē)就要進(jìn)站了。
(3)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間,在句中或上下文中通常有表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。
(4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)動(dòng)作的區(qū)別在于:前者表示的將來(lái)的動(dòng)作往往是可以改變的,而后者則是根據(jù)規(guī)定或時(shí)間表預(yù)計(jì)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事情,因此往往是不可改變或不可隨便改變的。
What are you doing next Friday?
下星期五你們打算干什么?
The plane takes off at 7:30 tonight.
飛機(jī)今晚七點(diǎn)半起飛。
高一英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn):助動(dòng)詞
一.概念:
助動(dòng)詞是幫助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài),語(yǔ)氣以及否定或疑問(wèn)結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞.助動(dòng)詞分為時(shí)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞和結(jié)構(gòu)助動(dòng)詞兩種.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講:
1. 助動(dòng)詞be的用法
1) be +現(xiàn)在分詞,構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
They are having a meeting. 他們正在開(kāi)會(huì)。
English is becoming more and more important. 英語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越重要。
2) be + 過(guò)去分詞,構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如:
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗戶是湯姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英語(yǔ)。
3) be + 動(dòng)詞不定式,可表示下列內(nèi)容:
a. 表示最近、未來(lái)的計(jì)劃或安排。例如:
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去紐約。
We are to teach the freshmen. 我們要教新生。
說(shuō)明: 這種用法也可以說(shuō)成是一種將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)法。
b. 表示命令。例如:
You are to explain this. 對(duì)此你要做出解釋。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午來(lái)辦公室。
c. 征求意見(jiàn)。例如:
How am I to answer him? 我該怎樣答復(fù)他?
Who is to go there? 誰(shuí)該去那兒呢?
d. 表示相約、商定。例如:
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我們明天早晨7點(diǎn)在校門(mén)口集合。
2. 助動(dòng)詞have的用法
1)have +過(guò)去分詞,構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
He has left for London. 他已去了倫敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未為止,他們已經(jīng)完成工作的一半。
2)have + been +現(xiàn)在分詞,構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如:
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在學(xué)英語(yǔ),已達(dá)十年之久。
3)have +been +過(guò)去分詞,構(gòu)成完成式被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如:
English has been taught in China for many years. 中國(guó)教英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)多年。
3.助動(dòng)詞do 的用法
1)構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)句。例如:
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通過(guò)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)測(cè)試嗎?
Did you study German? 你們學(xué)過(guò)德語(yǔ)嗎?
2)do + not 構(gòu)成否定句。例如:
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批評(píng)。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想學(xué)習(xí)。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
過(guò)去,好多學(xué)生不知道英語(yǔ)的重要性。
3) 構(gòu)成否定祈使句。例如:
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要這么心不在焉。
說(shuō)明: 構(gòu)成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。
4)放在動(dòng)詞原形前,加強(qiáng)該動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣。例如:
Do come to my birthday party. 一定來(lái)參加我的生日宴會(huì)。
I did go there. 我確實(shí)去那兒了。
I do miss you. 我確實(shí)想你。
5)用于倒裝句。例如:
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 進(jìn)了大學(xué)以后,我們才認(rèn)識(shí)到英語(yǔ)的重要性。
說(shuō)明: 引導(dǎo)此類倒裝句的副詞有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6)用作代動(dòng)詞。例如:
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜歡北京嗎?
---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜歡。(do用作代動(dòng)詞,代替like Beijing.)
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何開(kāi)車(chē),對(duì)吧?
4. 助動(dòng)詞shall和will的用法
shall和will作為助動(dòng)詞可以與動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí)。例如:
I shall study harder at English. 我將更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
說(shuō)明:在過(guò)去的語(yǔ)法中,語(yǔ)法學(xué)家說(shuō)shall用于第一人稱,will 只用于第二、第三人稱。現(xiàn)在,尤其是在口語(yǔ)中,will常用于第一人稱,但shall只用于第一人稱,如用于第二、第三人稱,就失去助動(dòng)詞的意義,已變?yōu)榍閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞,試比較:
He shall come. 他必須來(lái)。(shall有命令的意味。)
He will come. 他要來(lái)。(will只與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成一般將來(lái)時(shí)。)
5.助動(dòng)詞should, would的用法
1)should無(wú)詞義,只是shall的過(guò)去形式,與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),只用于第一人稱。例如:
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天給他打電話,問(wèn)他我下周干什么。
比較:"What shall I do next week?" I asked. "我下周干什么?"我問(wèn)道。
可以說(shuō),shall變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí),變成了should。
2) would也無(wú)詞義,是will的過(guò)去形式,與動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),用于第二、第三人稱。例如:
He said he would come. 他說(shuō)他要來(lái)。
比較:"I will go," he said. 他說(shuō):"我要去那兒。"變成間接引語(yǔ),就成了He said he would come。原來(lái)的will變成would,go變成了come.。
6. 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
動(dòng)詞加小品構(gòu)成的起動(dòng)詞作用的短語(yǔ)叫短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。例如:
Turn off the radio. 把收音機(jī)關(guān)上。(turn off是短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成基本有下列幾種:
1)動(dòng)詞+副詞,如:black out;
2)動(dòng)詞+介詞,如:look into;
3)動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞,如:look forward to。構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的副詞和介詞都統(tǒng)稱為小品詞
高一英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn):動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣
一.概念
語(yǔ)氣有三種:陳述語(yǔ)氣,祈使語(yǔ)氣和虛擬語(yǔ)氣.語(yǔ)氣表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)勸詞所示示的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)持有的態(tài)度或看法.
二.相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1.辨別if 引導(dǎo)真實(shí)條件句和if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句的區(qū)別
If he has time, he will go with us.= Probably he has time and will go with us.
If he had time, he would go with us.=But in fact he has no time.
2.虛擬條件句中主句和從句的謂與動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成形式如下表
3.混合時(shí)間的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
如果條件句中的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生,主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)分別根據(jù)各自所表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。
1)0If I had received the passport yesterday, I would start today.
2)If he had telephoned me last night, I would see him now.
3)If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be all right now.
4)If China had not been liberated, the working people would still be leading a miserable life.
4.should/ could / might/ ought to + have done 表示“過(guò)去本應(yīng)該/可以做而實(shí)際上卻沒(méi)做”
needn’t have done 表示“過(guò)去沒(méi)必要作而實(shí)際上做了”
5.虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的倒裝句
如果虛擬語(yǔ)氣的條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中含有were, had, could, should,有時(shí)可將if省去,而將條件從句的主語(yǔ)置于were, had, should, could 之后。
Had you invited us, we would have come to your party.
Were I you, I would do more practice after class.
Could she lend us a helping hand, she would do so.
6.wish 后面的賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣, 表示“可惜…;….就好了; 悔不該…; 但愿…。”
1)I wish I knew the key to the answer.
2)I wish I were ten years younger.
3)I wish that I had gone to the football match last week.
4)I wish that you had been here yesterday.
5)He wishes that we would visit the old school.
7.表示命令或建議動(dòng)詞suggest, insist, propose, desire, demand, request, order, command 后的賓語(yǔ)從句中應(yīng)使用虛擬 should +動(dòng)詞原形; should 不可用would 來(lái)替代; 主句所使用的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不限。
8.suggest 為“建議去做…; 命令…”從句用should + do
為“ 說(shuō)明; 暗示”, 從句用過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
1) The doctor suggested that I should take the medicine three times a day.
2) The doctor suggested that my grandmother had caught a bad cold.
9.insist “堅(jiān)持要去做…,堅(jiān)持應(yīng)該去做”,從句用should + do為“堅(jiān)持表明,堅(jiān)持說(shuō)/解釋”, 從句用過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
10.虛擬語(yǔ)氣也用于表語(yǔ)從句和主語(yǔ)從句中,表示間接的命令、要求、請(qǐng)求、建議、決定等,主句的主語(yǔ)通常是suggestion, proposal, request, order, idea 等。表語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是should +動(dòng)詞原型,should 可以省略。
11.在主語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)從句用來(lái)表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜等,從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用需擬語(yǔ)氣形式。其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)should + 動(dòng)詞原型, 或should 省略。
高一英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn):動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)
一.概念:
動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間語(yǔ)法或語(yǔ)義的關(guān)系.英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種:主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用于主動(dòng)句,表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用于被動(dòng)句,表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式與動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)相同,而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由 助動(dòng)詞be+過(guò)去分詞 構(gòu)成,有人稱,數(shù),時(shí)態(tài)的變化.
相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講
1. let 的用法
1)當(dāng)let后只有一個(gè)單音節(jié)動(dòng)詞,變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),可用不帶to 的不定式。例如:
They let the strange go.他們放陌生人走了。
---> The strange was let go.
2)當(dāng)let 后賓補(bǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí),let 通常不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),而用allow或permit 代替。例如:
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那護(hù)士讓我去探望住院的同學(xué)。
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
2.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)整體,不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。例如:
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顧。
Such a thing has never been heard of before. 這樣的事聞所未聞。
3. 表示"據(jù)說(shuō)"或"相信" 的詞組,基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等組成。例如:
It is said that… 據(jù)說(shuō)
It is reported that… 據(jù)報(bào)道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 眾所周知
It is thought that… 大家認(rèn)為
It is suggested that… 據(jù)建議
It is taken granted that… 被視為當(dāng)然
It has been decided that… 大家決定
It must be remember that… 務(wù)必記住的是
4. 不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況
1) 不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),如appear, die disappear, end(vi. 結(jié)束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等沒(méi)有無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如:
After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火過(guò)后,我家燒得所剩無(wú)幾。
比較:rise, fall, happen是不及物動(dòng)詞;raise, seat是及物動(dòng)詞。
要想正確地使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),就須注意哪些動(dòng)詞是及物的,哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動(dòng)詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問(wèn)題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中多留意積累。
2) 不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如:
This key just fits the lock. 這把鑰匙只配這把鎖。
Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你說(shuō)的與我們聽(tīng)說(shuō)的一致。
3) 系動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如:It sounds good. 聽(tīng)上去不錯(cuò)。
4) 帶同源賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞如die/death, dream/dream, live/life等,以及反身代詞,相互代詞,不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如:
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了個(gè)惡夢(mèng)。
5) 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí),很少用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如:
(對(duì)) She likes to swim.
(錯(cuò)) To swim is liked by her.
5. 主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義
1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如:
The book sells well. 這本書(shū)銷(xiāo)路好。
This knife cuts easily. 這刀子很好用。
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build等。例如:
I was to blame for the accident. 事故發(fā)生了,我該受指責(zé)。
Much work remains. 還有許多活要干。
3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容詞), deserve后的動(dòng)名詞必須用主動(dòng)形式。例如:
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 門(mén)該修了。
This book is worth reading. 這本書(shū)值得一讀。
4)特殊結(jié)構(gòu):make sb. heard / understood (使別人能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)/理解自己)等。例如:
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解釋清楚些,讓別人理解你的話。
6. 被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義,如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get married等。例如:
He is graduated from a famous university. 他畢業(yè)于一所有名的大學(xué)。
注意:表示同某人結(jié)婚,用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如:
He married a rich girl. 他與一個(gè)富妞結(jié)婚了。
He got married to a rich girl.
7.need/want/require/worth
當(dāng) need, want, require, be worth后面接doing時(shí),表示的是被動(dòng)意義。例如:
Your hair wants cutting. 你的頭發(fā)該理了。
The floor requires washing. 地板需要沖洗。
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