初中英語知識點：短語動詞

　　(1) 動詞+介詞

　　常見的有look for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞后。如：

　　Don't laugh at others.

　　I didn't care about it.

　　(2) 動詞+副詞

　　常見的有give up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。這類短語動詞的賓語如果是名詞，既可放在副詞前邊，又可放在副詞后邊;賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則要放在副詞前邊。如：

　　You'll hand in your homework tomorrow.

　　Please don't forget to hand it in.

　　(3) 動詞+副詞+介詞

　　常見的有look down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞后邊。如：

　　All his money added up to no more than $100.

　　After a short rest, he went on with his research work.

　　(4) 動詞+名詞+介詞

　　常見的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞后邊。如：

　　You should pay attention to your handwriting.

　　We should make full use of our time.

　　(5) 動詞+形容詞

　　常見的有leave open, set free, cut open等。這類短語動詞的賓語如果是名詞，則賓語可放在形容詞的前邊，也可放在后邊;賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則必須放在形容詞前邊。如：

　　The prisoners were set free.

　　He cut it open.

　　(6) 動詞+名詞

　　常見的有take place, make friends等。這類短語動詞用作不及物動詞。如：

　　This story took place three years ago.

　　I make friends with a lot of people.

　　(7) 辨析

　　give away(讓給，暴露)和 give up(放棄，停止)

　　put away(放起，收起)和 put out (撲滅)

　　turn up(出席，放大)和 turn on (打開)

　　keep out(阻止)和 keep off (不讓靠近)

　　make up(編造，補上)和 make out(辨認)

　　take off(脫，起飛)和 take out(拿出)

　　初中英語知識點：動詞不定式

　　1、不定式的形式。以動詞write為例。

　　2、不定式的句法功能

　　(1) 作主語

　　To hear from you is nice.

　　To be a good teacher is not easy.

　　不定式作主語時，為了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主語，而不定式置于謂語動詞后。如：

　　It's nice to hear from you.

　　It's not easy to be a good teacher.

　　(2) 作賓語

　　通常用于want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等詞后。如：

　　I forgot to lock the door.

　　Please remember to write to me.

　　(3) 作表語

　　My job is to pick up letters.

　　He seemed to have heard nothing.

　　(4) 作定語

　　不定式作定語時，須放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞后。如：

　　I have two letters to write.

　　I have a lot of work to do.

　　(5) 作賓補

　　通常用于want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等詞后。如：

　　He ordered her to leave at once.

　　He was forced to obey his order.

　　(6) 作狀語

　　He got up early to catch the first bus.

　　He worked hard to catch up with the other students.

　　(7) 作獨立成分

　　To tell you the truth, I told a lie.

　　(8) "疑問詞+不定式"結構。 如：

　　I don't know how to choose them.

　　I cannot decide where to go.

　　(9) 不定式的否定式。如：

　　I decided not to go.

　　(10) 不定式的完成式。如：

　　He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.

　　The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.

　　(11) too…to 結構。如：

　　He was too excited to go to sleep.

　　He was only too glad to go. (他太高興了，樂意去)

　　(12) 主動表被動。如：

　　The book is easy to read.

　　I have a book to read.

　　初中英語知識點：動名詞

　　動名詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。

　　1、動名詞的形式，以write為例。

　　否定式 not +動名詞

　　2、動名詞的用法

　　(1) 作主語

　　Playing football is my favorite sport.

　　Travelling with friends at weekend is fun.

　　作主語的動名詞結構復雜且長時，可用it作形式主語。如：

　　It is fun travelling with friends at weekend.

　　(2) 作賓語

　　I enjoy playing PC game.

　　He gave up writing five years ago.

　　(3) 作表語

　　What he hated most was doing nothing.

　　Seeing is believing.

　　動名詞作表語時，句子的主語常是無生命名詞或what引導的名詞性從句。

　　(4) 作定語

　　There's a dining room in my school.

　　All the people watching laughed.

　　(5) 動名詞的復合結構"物主代詞(或名詞的所有格)+動名詞"。如：

　　Tom's going home late made her mother angry.

　　Would you mind my opening the window?

　　不過，動名詞的邏輯主語在遇到以下情況時，必須用名詞的普通格(或人稱代詞的賓格)。

　　① 無生命名詞

　　The girls were afraid of the door suddenly closing.

　　Fire burns better by oxygen being at work.

　　② 有生命名詞，但表泛指。

　　Have you ever heard of girls smoking?

　　③ 兩個以上的有生命的名詞并列。

　　Do you still remember my parents and me coming to see you that day?

　　3. 后面常接動名詞的動詞和短語

　　mind, enjoy, finish, consider, practise, imagine, keep, suggest, advise, allow, permit, be worth doing, be used to doing, be busy doing, can't help doing, it is no good doing, it is no use doing, look forward to doing, stick to doing, pay attention to doing, devote to doing, lead to doing

　　初中英語知識點：分詞

　　分詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有形容和副詞的句法功能。它分為現在分詞和過去分詞兩類。現在分詞和過去分詞的主要差別在于現在分詞有一般式和完成式，過去分詞則只有一般式。現在分詞表動作正在進行，表主動。過去分詞及物動詞表動作已經完成，表被動。過去分詞不及物動詞表動作已經完成，表主動。

　　過去分詞的句法功能：

　　1、作定語

　　I like to read the novel written by Lu Xun.

　　The woman sitting beside the broken window was a friend of mine.

　　2、作表語

　　When I came into the room, I found the window was broken.

　　I'm interested in this book.

　　3、作賓語補足語

　　I'm going to have my bike repaired.

　　When I walked home, I saw the thief caught by the police.

　　4、 作狀語

　　Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks small.

　　The teacher came into the classroom, followed by his students.

　　現在分詞的句法功能。

　　1、 作狀語

　　Seeing from the top of the mountain, I found the city was beautiful.

　　Walking along the street, they suddenly saw him.

　　2、 作賓語

　　I hate being spoken ill of.

　　He considered visiting Japan during the winter vocation.

　　3、 作表語

　　Seeing is believing.

　　The book is interesting.

　　4、 作賓語補足語

　　I noticed him crossing the street.

　　Mother caught him smoking in the kitchen.

　　5、 作定語

　　Do you know the man writing a letter?

　　The worker running a machine is my brother.

　　分詞使用中的幾個問題

　　1、 現在分詞的完成式

　　Having cleaned the room, I went out.

　　2、 現在分詞的否定式

　　Not having received any letter, he felt a little worried.

　　3、 現在分詞與過去分詞的不同

　　現在分詞表示主動、正在，過去分詞表示被動、完成

　　I found the man killed there.

　　I found the man standing there.

　　4、 have結構

　　We have the car repaired.

　　We have repaired the car.

　　We have Tom repair the car.

　　We have Tom repairing the car the whole morning.

　　5、 分詞作表語

　　We were excited at the news.

　　The football game is exciting.

　　6、 獨立主格結構

　　It being a fine day, we went out to visit the park.

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