tpo33閱讀的答案

　　3.undoubtedly，毫無疑問的，理所當然的，選B。

　　4.定位于"The advantage was that crops grown in such areas were not as dependent on rainfalland therefore produced a more reliable harvest. An additional benefit was that the sedimentearned by the liver waters deposited nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivatea single plot of ground for many years without moving to a new location.里面提到了 not asdependent on rainfall."不太依賴于降雨"，對應B選項：不完全依賴降水。同時也提到了"depositednutrients in the soil"，在土壤中沉淀營養，對應A選項: 土壤營養豐富。

　　5.enhance，提高，增強，對應B。

　　6.provoke，激起，引起，對應D。

　　7.否定細節題：定位第二句 The increase in food production in these regions led to a significantgrowth in population, while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation ofcultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside thecommunity provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale.中的"significant growth in population"對應 A 選項;"efforts to control the flow of water"對應B選項;protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community 對應C選項。因此D選項錯誤。

　　8.否定細節題：定位句"The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in thefourth and third millennia B.C. in Mesopotamia, northern Africa. India, and China.出現地點northern Africa, India and China"對應A選項。定位句"As the communities continue to grow in sizeand material wealth, the "big men" assume hereditary status,"提到了世襲制，對應B選項。定位句By means of their military prowess, dominant personalities, or political talents, these peoplegradually emerge as the leaders of that community.對應C選項。定位句How the firstgovernments took shape in these areas is not certain.與D選項相違背。因此D選項錯誤。

　　9.宏觀題，第三段講領導者即后來的政府形成的原因，第四段講領導是如何形成的，選A。

　　10.句子簡化題：原句邏輯whik表示對比轉折;句子核心：城市中心的經濟功 能以及管理中心的儀式功能。A選項句子對應兩個核心，while的轉折對比關系正確，因此A選項正確。

　　11.推斷題：定位句 Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growingneed for social services and consumer goods.在這些城市只能給，新的生活形式的出現滿足了不斷增長的社會服務和消費品的需求。可以推斷出有需求就有供給，就會出現與之相關的產業。

　　12.細節題：定位句 In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the stricthierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by animposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population.意思是說通過建立高墻來建立嚴格的等級制度，將統治者和普通老板姓區分開來，對應C選項。

　　13.句子插入題：This was accompanied by increased professional specialization中的professional specialization職業專門化對應第四個方框之后句子中的 artisans or merchants,warriors, scholars, or priests。

　　14.Cultivation in fertile river valleys resulted in predictable harvests, which meant that farmersno longer needed to migrate constantly in search of food.正確。對應第二段 An additionalbenefit was that the sediment carried by the river waters deposited nutrients in the soil, thusenabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without moving to anew location. Thus, the first truly sedentary (that is, nonmigratoiy) societies were born.因為土壤中含有豐富的營養.所以一塊地農民可以種很多年，因此就不用遷移到別 的地方，最后就定居了。

　　The need to organize the effort to ensure the food supply and defend the land led to theformation of elite supervising groups that eventually became the first governments.正確。對應第三段的核心主旨：政府的形成。

　　Increasingly centralized forms of administration resulted in the emergence of social classesand in the development of cities as trade, administration, or religious centers.正確。對應第五段核心意思：中央集權導致了社會階層和不同功能城市的形成。