D.The long developmental period of some animals allows adults more time to teach their younghow to deal with the threats of predators.

　　11.The word "potentially" in the passage paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to

　　A.undoubtedly.

　　B.possibly.

　　C.unfortunately.

　　D.quickly.

　　12.According to paragraph 7, how do some animals ensure that other animalsunderstand that they are just playing?

　　A.By playing only with animals who are not predator.

　　B.By avoiding any aspects of the play behavior that are dangerous.

　　C.By practicing non-aggressive and non-predatory behaviors.

　　D.By using a set of signals that occurs only in play.

　　13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? With messages such asthose, even dogs that are strangers to each other can be playing within a few minutes.

　　There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play byothers, potentially leading to aggression. ■【A】This is especially true when play consists ofpracticing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. ■【B】Thus,many species have evolvedclear signals to delineate playfulness. ■【C】Dogs, forexample, will wag their tails, get downtheir front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate "what follows is just for play." ■【D】

　　14. Directions: an introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below. Complete the summary be selecting the THREE answer choices thatexpress the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in thesummary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or areminor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

　　Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervoussystems, mainly birds and mammals.

　　A.Although play often resembles aggression, flight, or other purposeful activities, researchersdo not degree on the reasons for and functions of play

　　B.Although many animals develop physically from play, too many young animals become victimsof their natural predators while playing.

　　C.Animals such as rats, dogs, deer, goats and monkeys learn how to be both dominant andsubmissive during play activities so that they will fit in better with their adult social groups.

　　D.The function of play is still debated in the research literature primarily because each animalspecies uses so few of the many available types of play behavior.

　　E.Energy expenditure and security risks are some of the costs to animals of play behavior,but the costs are not so great that they outweigh the long-term benefits of play to thespecies.

　　F.As experiments and observations have shown, animals that play at some stages of theirdevelopment obtain neurological, muscular, or social benefits from the play behaviors.

　　tpo30閱讀第3篇答案

　　1.原文中，同樣的behavior會同時發生在play和其他一些非play的情況中，所以B正確。A與原文第一句矛盾。C選項沒有提到。D選項與原文第一段最后一句矛盾。

　　2.看第二段的最后兩句。倒數第二句說動物玩耍的原因仍然在被debating，后面說確定玩耍的作用(function)非常難，那也就對應了原題的challenge。Because后面出現了原因，說這些function是長期的，其beneficial要到動物成年才出現。所以跟A選項吻痕。B、C選項原文沒提到。D選項也和問題無關。

　　3.Considerable：重要的，值得考慮的。選項A是最初的，B是實用的，C是最終的，D是重大的，有意義的。所以D符合，另外后文提到了各種cost和loss。所以可以理解considerable cost可以理解為一定量的損失或者風險。

　　4.從Therefore開始后面的都是potential cost。三種cost已經用紅色字體標出。B選項看似提到了，但是原文是說失去了fat store的機會，而不是因為play而build up了。所以B錯。

　　5.這里提到的試驗的結果。前面從in one research of study開始描述這個試驗，提到了兩個對比組，underdifferent conditions。后面是在說結果，括號里面的內容是對結論的解釋說明。A,C,D三個選項一點兒都不沾邊。只要高中學過一點數理化就知道這個是控制變量的試驗，所以答案選B。

　　6.原文中從other studies 開始有描述了另外的觀點。說greater stimulation不僅會影響大腦的大小，也會增加神經細胞間的連接的數量，而這個stimulation是由active play提供的。根據上文，環境越復雜，activeplay就越多，因此stimulation就越多，導致動物的大腦更大，也就更重。所以A選項符合這個觀點。BCD都沒提到。

　　7.這道題的關鍵詞在于needed for survival。因為prey species和predator species對于survival的要求不同，所以導致他們play behavior也不同。所以選C。 A，B，D原文都沒提到。

　　8.comparative是相對的，相當的。A是相對的;B是暫時的;C是充足的;D是完成的。所以選擇A。這里C可能會是迷惑選項，因為其意思帶入原文也通順，但是失去了原詞的"比較"的那層意思。

　　9.這道題中的原句主干是learning social behavior is important，特別是對于群居的動物。然后用了monkey做例證。A選項只提到了monkeys要控制自己才能融入群體，但沒提到主干部分。 B選項說自私和攻擊性強的動物藥學social behavior，這就把其他動物排除在外了，改變了原句的意思。C正確，不僅提到了monkey也說到了其他的social animals(which means species that live in groups)為了融入群體要學social behavior。 D是錯誤選項，原文并沒說猴子太自私以至于不能理解give and take…與原文矛盾，不選。

　　10.根據young & adult定位到第六段第一句。說成年動物要讓年輕的動物在相對安全的環境下玩兒。 因此可以得到答案C正確。A原文沒有說讓young去學怎么dominant，B原文雖然提到social group 但沒提到是從adults身上學習。D原文完全沒有相關描寫。

　　11.potentially潛在地。A市毫無疑問地; B是可能地;C是不幸地;D是快速地。前半句中有May be，表達了一中可能性，后半句沒有轉折，應該是接上上半句往下說的。所以意思應該想近。

　　12.這一段前半部分一直在描述說有動物之間會誤以為是真的aggression，中間出現了thus證明后面會說解決的方法。這里說解決方法是用clear signals 去表達playfulness。所以答案是D。

　　13.要插入的句子開頭為With message such as those，那么說明前面肯定會描述一些messages，后面又說even dogs，那證明前面應該也提到了狗的行為。所以這里應該插在最后一個空里。

　　14.選項A對應在原文第一段，提到play的行為包括了running，climbing，fighting等等aggression的行為，但是很難確定其function所以A正確。E對應原文第三段，potential cost提到了loss ofenergy，security risks等等，但是第一段也提到說play是long-term beneficial的，第四段開頭說好處一定會outweigh其costs。B這個原文沒有提到，雖然第三段提到了potential cost，后面也說adults通常會讓young在相對安全的情況下play，但并沒有說太多太多的小動物變成了victims。不選。C這個原文雖然說他們要學social behavior，但沒提到說這類動物要學著去dominant，不選。D選項對應原文第一段，但選項中的原因和原文不符，不選。E對應原文第三段，potential cost提到了loss of energy，security risks等等，但是第一段也提到說play是long-term beneficial的，第四段開頭說好處一定會outweigh其costs。F選項對應原文第四，五段。第四段說play會影響大腦發育，神經細胞間連接的數量。第五段說到了有益于muscletissue的發育。后文第六段也提到了social Benefits。