13. Look at the four squares[■] that indicate where the following sentence can beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The division of time nolonger reflected the organization of religious ritual.

　　Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church authority. Although churchritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout the centuries of urban collapsethat followed the fall of Rome,church time was nature's time.■【A】Day and night were dividedinto the same number of parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours wereunequal;and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons.■【B】But themechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning.■【C】The CatholicChurch resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about acentury.■【D】From the start,however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, and the public clocks installedin town halls and market squares became the very symbol of a new, secular municipalauthority. Every town wanted one; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils ofwar;tourists came to see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacredrelics.

　　14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices thatexpress the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in thesummary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or areminor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

　　The introduction of the mechanical clock caused important changes to the society of medievalEurope.

　　A.The increasing complexity of social and economic activity in medieval Europe led to theneed for a more dependable means of keeping time than sun and water clocks provided.

　　B.Because they were unreliable even in sunny climates, sun clocks and water clocks were rarelyused in Europe, even before the invention of the mechanical clock.

　　C.Before the mechanical clock, every city wanted a large number of timekeepers because moretimekeepers allowed for better organization of collective activities.

　　D.Soon after the invention of mechanical clocks, sun and water clocks became obsoletebecause mechanical clocks were far more accurate.

　　E.Predators help maintain biological diversity by limiting populations of a dominant competitorspecies, thereby preventing that species from excluding others.

　　F.The removal of sea stars reduces the diversity of the community in which they arepredators, and is therefore a bad idea.

　　tpo30閱讀答案

　　1.從第一段的第二句開始，原文列舉了這兩種device各種的缺點，最后一句前半句說它們work，后面but表轉(zhuǎn)折，證明要說有些情況它們不能用。所以選擇B。A說人們在各種情況下都在使用這兩種方法，與原文表達的意思相反，C將兩種方法比較，原文沒有這層意思。D整個和劃線部分相反，原文說在northern Europe不能用。

　　2.雖然原文提到說城與城之間要保持一直，但其目的是organize collective activity，和ration space。 而collective activity對應(yīng)了選項B，C對應(yīng)set time to go to sleep,也就是結(jié)束工作的時間。D對應(yīng)開頭catholic church的prayers活動。

　　3.對應(yīng)原文的第二句話，可根據(jù)alarm arrangement定位，前文說one of which was at night，后面說to waken monk before dawn，這兩個都可以算是原因，選項中符合的只有D。

　　4.authoritative是權(quán)威的，A是真實的，B是重要的，C是官方的，D是有效的。因此C是正確的。文章中也說only one怎樣的time keeper，所以應(yīng)該是官方準確時間。

　　5.前文說需要它去check 這個machines，which前面說的是solar dials所以指的是the sun。

　　6.rudimentary是基礎(chǔ)的。 A是稀有的，B是小的，C是不切實際的，D是基本的。所以根據(jù)詞義D正確。這里我們可以看并列的詞都是負面的，這里的rudimentary也是在強調(diào)未發(fā)展，有落后的意味。如果按照負面詞來判斷，C可能成為迷惑選項，但其詞義不符。

　　7.可定位至相關(guān)段落，關(guān)鍵詞為resisted，not coming over，所以證明church在拒絕新的計時方法，也就是在試著保護自己的方法。

　　8.installed被安裝的，A是需要的，B是被大部分人們希望的，C是標準化的，D是放置于。D最符合，并且原文中原詞的后面也跟了地點，所以用D最合適。

　　9.根據(jù)clockmaker定位至倒數(shù)第二句，說制表人是正確和精密的領(lǐng)路人然后就對他們各種贊揚。B，C，D選項都是在貶低制表人，所以很容易排除。B，D選項又和最后一句話明顯沖突。 A符合原文。

　　10.第五段主要說clockmaker引領(lǐng)了準確，精準工程的發(fā)展，他們是master，teacher等等，然后說他們是先鋒，但這些都是因為他們是制表人。所以這道題選B。 ACD原文都沒提到。

　　11.pioneer是先驅(qū)，A是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，B是對手，C是雇主，D是監(jiān)護人。原文單詞所在句后半句也說道他們作teacher，所以很容易理解他們是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。

　　12.定位到原文最后一句，說使人們從task-oriented和 time-filling busyness的模式變?yōu)閙aximize product per unit of time，從而提高了productivity，所以選擇D。A，B原文都提到了，但是是轉(zhuǎn)化前的狀態(tài)，C沒提到。

　　13.原句中no longer反應(yīng)宗教儀式了，那么此句前后應(yīng)該有對現(xiàn)在的計時制度的描寫，另外句末提到了religious ritual，所以附近也應(yīng)該有對宗教組織的態(tài)度描寫，滿足這兩個條件的位置是C。

　　14.A對應(yīng)第二段倒數(shù)第一句和倒數(shù)第二句后半句"with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock."正確。B與原文第一段矛盾。不選。C原文并沒有提到說有大量的timekeepers，而第三段還說只能有一個權(quán)威的timekeeper不選。D對應(yīng)原文第三段，說應(yīng)用mechanical clock之后water clock很快被棄用了，但sun clock依然留下用來對照mechanical clock的準確性，錯，不選。